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Density & Normality

Density ↔ specific gravity ↔ API, molarity ↔ normality, and the densitometer method for checking titrant normality — build a density–concentration curve from standards, then read an unknown.

Three tools in one:

Density · SG · API — enter any one, get the others.
Molarity ↔ Normality — pick your reagent; N = M × equivalents.
Normality by densitometry — enter measured concentration, density standards, fit the curve, then read an unknown titrant's normality from its density.

Density · Specific Gravity · API

Density (g/mL)

Reference water temp

Specific gravity (SG)

API gravity (°API)?

SG = ρ / ρ_water(T). °API = 141.5 / SG_60/60°F − 131.5 (API is defined at 60 °F).

Molarity ↔ Normality

Reagent

Equivalents / mole?

Molarity (M)

Normality (N)

Normality by densitometry the method

Enter your measured standards as concentration, density. A quadratic density–concentration curve is fit; then read an unknown's concentration from its measured density.

Standards — concentration (in your unit), density (g/mL)

Physical overlay (sanity)

Ref temp (°C)

Measured density of unknown (g/mL)

Concentration from density

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The predicted overlay is a ±~1% physical sanity estimate (Masson apparent-molar-volume, 25 °C) — not the standard. Your measured calibration is the reference.

Advisory. Densitometry infers concentration from a single density — valid only for a well-characterized binary system over a calibrated range at controlled temperature. Confirm against a titration. © MAI-Alchemy.